Wood is one of the largest sources of construction waste. Check specific project location for recycling options, markets, and regulations. See Construction Materials: Management and Markets, A Resource Guide for Wisconsin Builders and Contractors, Sherrie Gruder, UW-Extension Solid & Hazardous Waste Education Center (1997).
Significant factors in the generation of waste in this Section include wood rejects and offcuts, corrugated cardboard, packing materials, temporary bracing, protection, and estimating errors.
This Section also has good potential for the incorporation of products and materials with recycled content. Savings in framing material can be had from using engineered wood products. Local markets may develop for recycled wood members. If a building involves large timbers, use salvaged members or salvage removed members, as the case may be.
Consider using non-conventional framing techniques; e.g., stacked framing, two-stud corners, etc. In order to avoid structural compromises, this requires framers who know what they are doing.
In general and in this climate, reducing the energy use of a building is usually the single most important thing that can be done to reduce the building's overall environmental impact. Consider using non-conventional framing techniques to lower energy use; e.g. "Strapped" construction, airtight construction with controlled ventilation, etc. Again, this requires framers who know what they are doing.
SECTION 06100 — ROUGH CARPENTRY
PART 1 — GENERAL
1.01 DESCRIPTION
The extent of rough carpentry materials is indicated on the Drawings and includes, but is not limited to, structural and nonstructural framing, other blocking and furring, structural and nonstructural construction panels, prefabricated structural wood, and incidental carpentry work supporting other work.
1.02 STANDARDS
Comply with:
“Manual for Wood Framing” by National Forest Products Association (NFPA);
“Design/Construction Guide” by The Engineered Wood Association (APA);
American Wood Preservers American Standards C-20 and C-27.
1.03 PRODUCT HANDLING
Protect materials against exposure to weather and contact with the ground or damp or wet surfaces. Stack lumber as well as plywood and other panels; provide for air circulation within and around stacks and under temporary coverings.
Wood I-joists: Store on edge. Handle vertically; do not allow sever bowing by handling flat.
1.04 DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING
Provide seasoned lumber with 19% moisture content at time of dressing and shipment, for sizes 2" or less in thickness. Protect wood products against moisture and dimensional changes.
PART 2 — MATERIALS
2.01 LUMBER
General: Manufacture lumber S4S and gradestamped to comply with PS 20 and applicable grading rules of inspection agencies certified by ALSC's Board of Review. Provide seasoned lumber with 19 percent maximum moisture content at time of dressing and shipment for sizes 2" and less in thickness.
Dimension Lumber: Provide dimension of the following product classifications in the grade and species indicated:
Modify to suit project. Do not specify higher grades or species than structurally required. Coordinate with Drawings.
Light Framing (2"-4" thick, 2"-4' wide):
Grade: Construction.
Species: Any.
Studs (2"-4" thick, 2"-6" wide, 10' and shorter):
Grade: "Stud" or No. 3 Structural Light Framing.
Species: Any species graded under WWPA,WCLIB,SPIB or NLGA rules.
Structural Light Framing (2"-4" thick, 2"-4" wide):
Grade: No. 2.
Species: Hem-Fir.
Structural Joists and Planks (2"-4" thick, 5" and wider):
Grade: No. 2.
Species: Hem-Fir.
Beams and Headers (Size as noted on drawings):
Grade: No. 2.
Species: Douglas Fir-Larch.
Concealed Boards: Standard grade, any species graded under WWPA rules, or No. 3 Southern Yellow Pine graded under SPIB rules.
Lumber for Miscellaneous Uses: Unless otherwise indicated, provide Standard grade lumber for support of other work, including cant strips, bucks, nailers, blocking, furring, grounds, stripping and similar members.
2.02 ENGINEERED STRUCTURAL WOOD PRODUCTS
Take care not to mix solid lumber and engineered products in a way that will cause trouble as the solid wood shrinks over time. Note that some manufacturers offer sizes identical to nominal lumber and others do not, the latter to avoid someone making design errors of this sort. Coordinate with Drawings.
Use sizes and product type as noted on the Drawings.
Vertical studs: finger jointed studs allowed.
Long span joists: [wood-I-joists][truss joists].
Beams and Girders: LVL or parallel strand lumber.
Headers:pre-insulated SW-II headers by Superior Wood Systems, P.O.Box 1208, Superior, WI 54880, (715) 392-1822.
2.03 CONSTRUCTION PANELS Conventional panels—OSB and plywood
General: For types of concealed applications indicated below, provide wood panel products complying with PS-2 where applicable, and with "APA Performance Standards and Policies for Structural Use Panels (Form E445)" for requirements indicated.
For the following types of applications where exposure durability classification or span rating is not given, provide Exposure 1 and rating required to suit support spacing indicated.
Types of Construction Panels:
Plywood and OSB panels are now equivalent structurally. OSB is less expensive than plywood and will become more so as the supply of plywood is contracted through plant closings. OSB swells permanently when moist and should not be used under a finish where there is a chance of the presence of moisture.
Use panel products with exterior glues only (waterproof phenol formaldehyde) to minimize formaldehyde offgassing.
Subflooring: APA RATED SHEATHING, Ext., 48/24, 3/4" T&G.
Wall Sheathing: APA RATED SHEATHING, Ext., 24/0, 1/2".
Roof Sheathing at Asphalt Roofing: APA RATED PLYWOOD SHEATHING, Ext., 24/0, 5/8".
Although it is more expense, preferably use 518" plywood for roof sheathing and avoid OSB; if using OSB 1/2" may be acceptable because of its uniform stiffness; any cut edges should be sealed. 1/2" plywood supported 24" o.c. will sag over time. OSB will ”telegraph” joints through light weight asphalt singles over time.
Roof Sheathing at Synthetic Roofing: APA C-C plugged, Ext. plywood, touch sanded, 3/4".
Plywood Backing for Electrical and Telephone Equipment: APA C-D plugged, Ext., fire-retardant treated, 1/2".
Plywood Backing for Toilet Room Support Bars: APA C-D plugged, Ext., 3/4".
Plywood Underlayment for Carpet and Resilient Flooring: APA UNDERLAYMENT EXT with fully sanded face, 1/2".
Avoid OSB, particleboard, hardboard, or A-C plywood for underlayment.
Plywood Underlayment for Entry Mat: APA UNDERLAYMENT EXT with fully sanded face, 3/8".
Avoid OSB, particleboard, hardboard, or A-C plywood under entry mats.
Underlayment at Ceramic Tile: Underlayment cementitious backer unit (CBU) certified by manufacturer for this use.
Specify thickness. Consider substituting Dens-Shield for CBU as tile backer on vertical surfaces to save money.
2.03 CONSTRUCTION PANELS
Many unconventional panel products are and will be coming into the market with energy, health and resource efficient benefits. Some of these products are nonstructural and will require added attention to designing a building to resist horizontal loads.
Subflooring: Homasote 4-way® floor decking, [1-11/32" thick][1-3/4" thick], by Homasote Co., P.O.Box 7240, West Trenton, NJ 08628-0240, (800) 257-9491.
Wall Sheathing: 440 Homasote® fiberboard, [1/2" thick][5/8" thick], by Homasote Co., P.O.Box 7240, West Trenton, NJ 08628-0240, (800) 257-9491.
A gypsum wallboard sheathing with recycled paper content for reinforcement. Use 5/8" for fire rated construction. May be specified here or in Section 09250. It is about twice as expensive as unreinforced gypsum sheathing.
Fiber reinforced gypsum sheathing [1/2"][5/8"] by Louisiana-Pacific Corp., Portland, OR.
Underlayment for Carpet or Hardwood Strip Flooring: 440 CarpetBoard by Homasote Co., P.O.Box 7240, West Trenton, NJ 08628-0240, (800) 257-9491.
If using medium density fiberboard (MDF) in a project the following product uses adhesives which minimize formaldehyde offgassing.
MDF: [Medex][Medite II] by Medite Corp., P.O.Box 4040, Medford, OR 97501.
2.04 PRESERVATIVE PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER
Note: ACQ® treated lumber is about 15% more expensive than arsenic-treated.
Preservative pressure treat lumber and plywood with arsenic- and chromium-free waterborne preservatives (ACQ®), kiln dried after treatment to 19 percent maximum moisture content for lumber and 18 percent for plywood.
Use minimum 0.25 lbs./cu.ft. retention for following locations:
Cants, nailers, blocking, stripping and similar items in conjunction with roofing, flashing, vapor barriers and waterproofing;
Sills, sleepers, blocking, furring, stripping, and similar items in direct contact with masonry or concrete;
Wood within 18" of grade.
Use 0.40 lbs./cu.ft. retention for following locations:
Wood in contact with ground;
Wood in contact with fresh water;
Posts, landscaping timers, retaining walls, piers and docks.
2.05 FIRE-RETARDANT PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER
Preservative pressure treated lumber and plywood with halogen- and sulfate-free fire-retardant (D-BLAZE®), kiln dried after treatment to 19 percent maximum moisture content for lumber and 15 percent for plywood. Comply with AWPA C20 and C27.
Use in the following locations:
2.06 FASTENERS AND ANCHORAGES
Fasteners and anchorages are to be of sizes, types, material and finish suited to the application shown and complying with applicable standards including ANSI B18.6.1. Provide metal hangers and framing anchors of size and type recommended for intended use by the manufacturer. Use galvanized fasteners for all types of treated wood and plywood. Hot-dipped galvanize fasteners and anchorages for work exposed to weather, in ground contact, and in areas of high relative humidity to comply with ASTM A 153.
2.07 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS
Building Paper to be asphalt saturated felt, non-perforated, complying with ASTM D 226.
Air Infiltration Barrier to be vapor permeable, water resistant fabric composed of polyethylene fibers made for the purpose intended.
Sill Sealer Gasket to be glass fiber resilient insulation fabricated in strip form for use as a sill sealer; 1" nominal thickness compressible to 1/32" in rolls of 50' or 100' in length.
PART 3 — EXECUTION
3.01 GENERAL
Install rough carpentry work to comply with the “Manual for Wood Framing” by National Forest Products Association (NFPA) and with recommendations of The Engineered Wood Association (APA) Design/Construction Guide, unless otherwise indicated. For sheathing, underlayment and other products not covered by the above standards, comply with recommendations of manufacturer of product involved for use intended. Set carpentry work to required levels and lines, with members plumb and true and cut to fit.
Provide wood framing members of size and spacing indicated or required; do not splice structural members between supports. Firestop concealed spaces with wood blocking not less than 2" thick, if not blocked by other framing members.
Connect and install engineered wood products according manufacturer's recommendations. Pay particular attention to requirements for bracing, cutting, notching and special fastening requirements. Do not notch or drill holes in LVL or parallel strand beams.
Do not rip or mill fire-retardant wood. End cuts and drilled holes are allowed.
3.02 FASTENING
Securely attach carpentry work to substrates and supporting members using fasteners of size that will not penetrate members where opposite side will be exposed to view or receive finish materials. Install fasteners without splitting wood; fasten panel products to allow for expansion at joints unless indicated otherwise.
Fasten structural wood panel products as follows:
Subflooring: Glue-nail to framing.
Sheathing: Nail to framing.
Underlayment: Nail to framing, except screws as noted above at tile.
Cut below if using a separate CBU Section. Select appropriate TCA Method and modify paragraph as necessary.
Cementitious Backer Unit (CBU): TCA Handbook Method [ ] . Laminate units to subfloor with latex-Portland cement mortar and non-rusting screw-type nails. Space units 1/8" at edges and fill joints with mortar. Align all edges over framing or solid blocking.
3.03 WASTE MANAGEMENT
Separate wood waste and place in designated areas in the following separated categories for recycling:
Edit to suit project and location.
Solid wood/ softwood/ hardwood.
Composite wood, (plywood, OSB, LVL, I-Joist, parallel strand, MDF, particleboard). Treated, painted, or contaminated wood.
Separate wood offcuts and damaged wood and place in designated areas in the following categories for re-use as bracing, blocking, cripples, or ties.
Edit to suit project and location. Specify sizes:
Sheet materials larger than 2 square feet.
Framing members longer than 24".
Multiple offcuts of any size larger than 12".
END OF SECTION 06100
ROUGH CARPENTRY 06100-#
courtesy of Design Coalition, Architects. , Madison, Wisconsin, USA ~~ www.designcoalition.org